Generated by Rank Math SEO, this is an llms.txt file designed to help LLMs better understand and index this website. # Policy Circle ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://www.policycircle.org/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages. ## Posts - [International law is alive, its enforcement is not](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/international-law-global-south/): International law cannot command legitimacy when powerful states can evade rules they readily impose on others. - [India’s professional class has little political clout](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-professional-class-clout/): India’s professional class plans carefully for retirement but has struggled to turn its economic weight into collective political influence. - [GST reforms must now deliver on ease of doing business](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/gst-reforms-ease-of-doing-business/): GST reforms promise faster refunds, wider input tax credit and simpler registration, but businesses need predictable rules and fair enforcement. #GST #reforms - [New environmental accounts must change how growth is measured](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/india-new-environmental-accounts/): India’s environmental accounts could improve decisions on water, mining and infrastructure, provided governments use the data. #environment - [Fixing accountability when powers of Election Commission are delegated](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/election-commission-india-eci/): The controversy surrounding the functioning of India’s Election Commission exposes gaps in institutional transparency, delegated authority and digital governance. - [In India, DINK is now a rational urban household choice](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/dink-households-india/): The DINK household—Double Income, No Kids—has moved from an online acronym to a recognisable urban household type in India. - [RBI bets on 7.1% GDP growth as inflation risks return](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/rbi-bets-on-7-1-gdp-growth/): The RBI sees strong GDP growth ahead, but rising inflation and external pressures could test India’s ability to sustain 7% growth. #RBI #economy - [BRICS must prove that its economic ambitions can survive geopolitics](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/brics-economic-ambitions-geopolitics/): BRICS must turn its growing economic weight into practical cooperation while India manages its difficult relationship with China. #BRICS - [Kerala power crisis exposes the limits of solar growth](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/kerala-power-crisis-solar-growth/): Kerala power crisis shows why solar growth must be matched by storage, firm capacity and demand management. #power #crisis #Kerala - [Transport authority must make infrastructure work as a network](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/indias-transport-authority-itla/): India’s new transport authority can improve infrastructure planning, but its success will depend on whether ministries act on its recommendations. #transport - [India’s power crunch is becoming a fuel logistics problem](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-power-crunch-fuel-logistics/): India has enough generation capacity on paper, but coal logistics and weak hydropower have resulted in a severe power crunch. #power #coal - [Ujjwala Yojana must move from access to clean cooking](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/ujjwala-yojana-clean-cooking/): Ujjwala Yojana has crossed 10 crore LPG connections, but the next challenge is making clean cooking affordable enough to sustain. #Ujjwala - [GST 3.0 should be about stability, not another rate reset](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/gst-3-0-should-be-about-stability/): The GST 3.0 should shift from rate rationalisation to predictable rules, faster refunds, better ITC and proportionate enforcement. #GST - [India’s semiconductor industry needs more than money](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/indias-semiconductor-industry/): India’s semiconductor industry has money and policy support, but the challenge is to build manufacturing expertise and institutional knowledge. #semiconductor - [Uppada coastal protection needs an economic strategy](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/uppada-coastal-protection-strategy/): Uppada’s ₹323 crore coastal protection project should be linked to fisheries, handloom, women’s enterprises and local economic growth. #Uppada - [AI boom could make global capital costlier for India](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/ai-boom-costly-capital-india/): The AI boom is increasing demand for capital as global public debt remains high, and India may face tougher competition for savings. #AI #globalcapital - [US interest rates are testing RBI’s rupee stance](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/us-interest-rates-indias-rupee-policy/): US interest rates are testing India’s exchange-rate policy, and a more flexible rupee could reduce pressure on reserves and domestic rates. #Fed #interestrates - [India’s tree finance must go beyond plantations](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-tree-finance-plantations/): India’s tree finance economy can grow if public and private finance rewards tree survival, growth, market access and measurable ecological outcomes. #treefinance - [Only a competition-friendly economy can sustain growth](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/india-competition-friendly-economy/): India cannot rely on investment incentives alone -- a competition-friendly economy and state capacity are vital for durable growth. #investment #business #ecoomy - [India’s retirement savings face a new demographic test](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/indias-retirement-savings-test/): India’s households are moving towards equities and mutual funds, but financialisation does not automatically create adequate retirement savings. #investment #savings #retirement - [Indian universities need institutional memory](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indian-universities-research/): Indian universities produce more research, but need stronger systems to preserve knowledge and build research capacity across generations. - [Gold formalisation should not become a case for more gold](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/gold-formalisation-plan-2026/): India's EGR push can formalise household gold, but policy should favour recycling existing stocks over encouraging fresh imports. - [Specialised skills: In the age of AI, depth is becoming a career advantage](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/specialised-skills-in-ai-age/): AI is making shallow knowledge cheaper, and young professionals may need deep expertise, specialised skills combined with the ability to work across disciplines. #AI - [Double deflation and the quality of GDP estimates](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/double-deflation-quality-of-gdp/): India’s new GDP series uses double deflation to measure manufacturing GVA more accurately when output and input prices diverge. #GDP #deflation - [US tariff threat puts India’s energy strategy under pressure](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/us-tariff-threat-indias-energy/): The new US tariff threat links India’s Russian oil purchases to potential tariffs, complicating trade talks and raising energy-security risks. #US #tariffs - [CAFE-III must make green mobility affordable in India](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/cafe-iii-green-mobility-affordable/): CAFE-III could accelerate EV adoption, but India must ensure cleaner mobility does not push affordable cars beyond the middle class. #CAFE-III #EVs - [ISP: India’s services economy finally gets a monthly measure](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/isp-index-of-services-production/): India’s new Index of Services Production offers a monthly view of services growth while exposing gaps in coverage and measurement. #ISP #services - [India’s zombie firms are fewer, but distress persists](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-zombie-firms-stress-assets/): India’s zombie firms fell to 5.5% in 2025, but corporate distress and slow insolvency resolution remain problems. - [Kerala must prepare for an ageing population](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/kerala-ageing-population-2/): Kerala's ageing population calls for a policy response that connects healthcare, social protection, housing, mobility and rights. - [PM Internship Scheme faces a problem of demand, not supply](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/pm-internship-scheme-challenges-pmis/): The PM Internship Scheme shows why creating internship slots is easier than making them useful and affordable for young workers. #Internship - [India’s critical minerals mission needs a sharper edge](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-critical-minerals-mission/): Right strategy, policy support and greater collaboration key to India’s Critical Minerals Mission. #criticalminerals - [IIT Bombay case shows why academic integrity needs due process](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/iit-bombay-case-sahil-wakode/): The IIT Bombay case raises questions about academic integrity, due process and how institutions respond when students face disciplinary action. #IIT - [India’s industrial growth is strong, but uneven](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-industrial-growth-is-uneven/): India’s industrial growth was a robust 8% in August, but mining and consumer non-durables remained weak despite a favourable base. #IIP - [After E20, India’s ethanol blending policy faces a harder test](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/e20-indias-ethanol-blending-policy/): India’s ethanol blending policy has cut oil use and built distillery capacity, but E20 now shifts the challenge towards vehicles and consumers. #E20 #ethanol - [India’s elderly people need a place in disaster planning](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-elderly-people-disaster-plan/): India’s disaster planning must account for elderly people in rural areas, with local data, clear panchayat responsibilities and predictable funding. #ageing #rural #India - [India’s coal shortage is increasingly a logistics problem](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-coal-shortage-2026/): India’s September power crunch exposes a coal shortage as thermal plants face low stocks and peak electricity demand stays high. #coalshortage - [Mobile phone manufacturing push needs better grievance systems](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/india-mobile-phone-manufacturing-push/): India’s mobile phone manufacturing boom needs effective worker grievance systems as labour standards become part of global supply-chain scrutiny. #mobile #manufacturing #PLI - [UPI MDR: The government can ban a surcharge, not a price rise](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/upi-mdr-surcharge-price-rise/): India's new UPI MDR bans direct consumer charges, but the harder question is whether merchants will recover the cost through prices. #UPI #MDR - [IRDAI’s commission caps could reshape insurance distribution](https://www.policycircle.org/industry/irdais-commission-caps-insurance/): The proposed IRDAI’s commission caps could lower insurance distribution costs while testing whether distributors will keep selling difficult-to-place products. #IRDAI #insurance - [Smart grid is the next climate-tech frontier](https://www.policycircle.org/environment/smart-grid-climate-tech/): AI, smart grid and peer-to-peer trading will decide how India's increasingly distributed electricity grid could operate. #smartgrid #climate - [New pork import rules face a WTO compliance test](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/pork-import-rules-2026/): India is tightening pork import rules around disease and food safety, but could face scrutiny over WTO rules and the treatment of domestic production. - [Trump-Xi Summit ends with truce, not a settlement](https://www.policycircle.org/world/trump-xi-summit-outcomes/): The Trump-Xi summit extended the trade truce but left issues such as AI, Taiwan and strategic rivalry largely unresolved. - [India’s jobs problem is bigger than unemployment](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-jobs-problem-unemployment/): India’s jobs problem goes beyond unemployment as millions compete for secure government jobs and informal work remains widespread. #jobs #employment - [Public sector insurers need a new business model](https://www.policycircle.org/industry/public-sector-insurers-reforms/): India's public sector insurers have a role in closing protection gaps, but their losses raise questions about pricing, capital and reform. #insurance - [India’s ageing population exposes a health data gap](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-ageing-population-data-gap/): India has extensive ageing data, but NFHS and LASI need to provide more timely evidence for elderly healthcare planning. #ageing - [The Iran crisis runs through banks as much as oil routes..](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/iran-crisis-banking/): The Iran crisis and the standoff over Hormuz highlights a broader contest over financial infrastructure and the weaponisation of interdependence. - [The AI race no one can afford to leave](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/global-ai-race-market-power/): The debate over slowing AI is shifting from model safety to strategic competition, with China, open models and market power at stake. - [Faster wage growth key to India’s growth story](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/faster-wage-growth-india/): India’s GDP is growing rapidly, yet real wage growth raises questions about the durability of consumption-led growth. #GDP #wagegrowth - [RBI’s liquidity balancing act moves to the bond market](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/rbis-liquidity-balancing-act/): RBI’s liquidity balancing act is lifting the call rate while adding pressure to a government bond market facing heavy supply. #liquidity #RBI #bondmarket - [Trump-Xi Summit may extend the US-China trade pause](https://www.policycircle.org/world/donald-trump-xi-summit-2026/): The Trump-Xi summit could produce limited trade and AI agreements without resolving deeper US-China strategic disputes. - [Warming Himalayas: Nepal’s climate justice test](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/himalayan-floods-nepal/): Nepal’s devastating Himalayan floods have exposed the human and economic cost of a warming region, reviving demand for climate justice. - [Trump’s UN speech tests America’s claim to global leadership](https://www.policycircle.org/world/trumps-un-speech-leadership/): Trump’s UN speech exposed a widening gap between American power and the credibility needed to exercise global leadership. #Trump #UN - [Rupee outlook: Why India’s external buffers matter](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/rupee-outlook-external-buffers/): The rupee outlook depends on oil, capital flows, reserves and the long-term strength of exports and productivity. #rupee - [Borrowers’ platform faces a test from creditors in the room](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/borrowers-platform-faces-a-test/): The new borrowers’ platform fills a gap in global debt governance, but its borrower-only ambition faces a changing creditor landscape. - [New GDP methodology and the problem of measuring GVA](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/new-gdp-methodology-gva/): MoSPI’s new GDP methodology changes how India measures real manufacturing GVA, and here is what double deflation means. #GDP - [World gold prices have a higher floor despite Fed rate hikes](https://www.policycircle.org/world/world-gold-prices-fed-rate-hikes/): Global gold prices face Fed pressure, but central-bank buying, Asian demand and geopolitical risks are creating a higher long-term floor. #gold #Fed - [India’s China+1 opportunity is not a low-wage contest](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-china1-opportunity-is-fading/): India’s China+1 opportunity remains open, but cheap labour alone cannot deliver factories, supply chains and export competitiveness. #India #China - [BRICS 2026 reveals ambition contradictions and uncertain future](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/brics-new-delhi-summit/): BRICS New Delhi Summit expanded the grouping’s ambitions, but geopolitical divisions and weak institutional clarity continue to challenge its future. - [US tariffs expose India’s dependence on one big market](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/us-tariffs-expose-indias-dependence/): Fresh US tariffs threat exposes India’s dependence on the American market and the limits of export diversification. #US #tariffs #Exports - [Generative AI has changed the meaning of university degree](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/generative-ai-university-degree/): Generative AI makes conventional university assessment less reliable, and India needs stronger ways to verify learning without deepening inequality. #GenerativeAI #Degree - [India’s Russian oil dilemma goes beyond US tariffs](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-russian-oil-dilemma-us/): US sanctions add pressure on India’s Russian oil purchases, but the larger vulnerability is India’s dependence on imported crude. #crude #Russian - [Tata Sons IPO to put group’s governance model to test](https://www.policycircle.org/industry/tata-sons-ipo-explainer/): The Tata Sons IPO debate is about regulation, shareholder liquidity and the future of Tata’s ownership structure. #TataSons - [BRICS must connect women’s skills with better jobs](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/brics-must-womens-skills-jobs/): BRICS is expanding its women’s employment agenda, and the next task is connecting skills, care and social protection with better jobs. #BRICS - [Assam floods expose the limits of relief-first approach](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/assam-floods-climate-change/): The 2026 Assam floods show why flood policy must focus on vulnerability, livelihoods and the economics of recovery. - [India’s farms could become the next carbon market frontier](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/uncategorized/farming-carbon-market/): Scaling agricultural carbon credits could mobilise climate finance, support farmers and strengthen India’s emerging carbon market. - [RoDTEP can fix tax distortions, not India’s export problem](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/rodtep-tax-export-problem/): RoDTEP can remove unrecovered taxes from exports, but deeper reforms are needed to make Indian manufacturing globally competitive. #export - [Fed rate hike to put global growth under a financial squeeze](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/fed-rate-hike-global-growth/): The latest Fed rate hike raises borrowing costs worldwide, putting emerging markets, debt and investment under fresh pressure. #Fed #interestrate - [India’s space policy needs a strategy for orbital power](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-space-policy-reforms/): India's space policy needs a strategic focus on emerging orbits, technology and the rules that will govern the next space economy. #SPACE - [GST 2.0 must make compliance predictable, not merely digital](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/gst-2-0-predictable-compliance/): GST 2.0 shifts the focus from tax rates to e-invoicing, ITC, litigation and making GST compliance more predictable for businesses. #GST - [August trade deficit narrows, but the hard test remains](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/august-trade-deficit-narrows/): India’s August trade deficit narrowed, but rising imports show why export growth must create more domestic value. #tradedeficit #exports - [NEET reforms must examine NTA, equity and exam design](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/neet-reforms-must-examine-nta/): NEET reforms now extend beyond tougher penalties to NTA governance, exam security, equity and the design of medical admissions. #NEET #reform - [UPI MDR explained: What changes from October 15](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/upi-mdr-explained-october-15/): The UPI MDR changes the economics of higher-value digital transactions, but most merchant payments will remain free. #UPI #MDR - [India inflation rises as RBI faces October test](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/india-inflation-rbi-october-test/): Food, energy and manufacturing prices are rising together, forcing the RBI to judge whether India’s inflation shock is becoming persistent. #food #inflation - [Civil services reform must move beyond training](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/india-civil-services-reforms/): India needs civil services reform that changes devolution, expertise, transfers and accountability, rather than relying mainly on training. #civilservices #IAS #reforms - [BRICS faces its real test after the New Delhi Summit](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/brics-real-test-new-delhi-summit/): BRICS must build diversified supply chains and payment systems without exchanging Western dependence for reliance on China. #BRICS - [Eighth Pay Commission needs reform, not just a pay hike](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/eighth-pay-commission-reforms/): The Eighth Pay Commission should redesign pay, hiring and pensions while protecting fiscal space and improving government capability. #Eighth Pay Commission - [Ukraine war puts global food security back at risk](https://www.policycircle.org/world/ukraine-war-global-food-security/): Ukrainian war and Russian attacks on ports and cargo ships are cutting Black Sea grain exports and raising risks for vulnerable food-importing countries. #Ukraine - [Western freight corridor must now deliver lower logistics costs](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/western-freight-corridor-logistics/): Western freight corridor is complete, but lower logistics costs will depend on tariffs, terminals, reliability and better multimodal links. #railways - [Skill development needs better outcome measurement](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/skill-development-outcome-measurement/): India needs to measure whether skill development programmes improve livelihoods rather than relying on enrolment and training numbers. #skill - [Gyirong glacier collapse exposes Himalayan infrastructure policy](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/gyirong-glacier-collapse-himalaya/): The Gyirong glacier collapse shows why Himalayan roads, dams and settlements need stronger hazard mapping and warning systems. #glacier #Gyirong #Himalaya - [FSSAI warning labels can reset packaged food regulation](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/fssai-warning-labels-food-regulation/): India’s proposed FSSAI warning labels could change how packaged foods disclose high sugar, salt and fat to consumers. #FSSAI #foodsafety - [Graduate unemployment in India exposes a broken jobs market](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/graduate-unemployment-in-india/): Graduate unemployment in India is being blamed on poor employability, but job shortages, hiring practices and weak university-employer links are equally responsible. #unemployment - [The age of anger and fear](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/anger-fear-confusion/): A toxic brew is shaping a world driven by anger, fear and confusion and it is ripe for populists peddling simple solutions. - [Indian steel industry: From capacity comfort to global ambition](https://www.policycircle.org/industry/indian-steel-industry/): A strong domestic market has helped the steel industry build scale, but global competitiveness will decide the sector’s next phase. - [Australians face a toxic mix of social disconnect and disaffection](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/australians-discontent/): Australians were less engaged in their communities, lonelier, unhappier and less satisfied with life, even before the present turmoil. - [BRICS trade ambitions run into market-access reality](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/brics-trade-ambitions-market-access/): BRICS trade has surged to $1.17 trillion, but tariffs, industrial policy and China’s economic weight limit deeper integration. #BRICS - [BRICS supply chain resilience needs a practical framework](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/brics-supply-chain-resilience/): India can use its BRICS chairship to build supply chain resilience while avoiding protectionism and costly self-sufficiency. #BRICS - [India’s GDP data debate goes beyond the headline](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-gdp-data-debate/): India's GDP growth at 7.8% is backed by investment and industry, but revisions and deflators require fuller disclosure. #GDP #economy - [India must dismantle trade barriers on its own terms](https://www.policycircle.org/policy/india-trade-barriers-wto/): US and EU criticism exposes India’s trade barriers, but their own protectionist policies complicate the case for open markets. #WTO #trade - [Liquidity surplus will test banks’ lending discipline](https://www.policycircle.org/industry/liquidity-surplus-bank-lending/): India’s liquidity surplus may lower funding costs, but weak underwriting could push credit into inflated assets. #liquidty #forex - [Forest finance must measure its social costs](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/forest-finance-social-costs/): India’s forest finance metrics overlook women, disabled people and communities whose land and livelihoods support green investments. #forestfinance - [Why India must do away with capital punishment](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/capital-punishment-row/): The higher judiciary’s reluctance to review hanging shifts the focus toward establishing an expert body for evidence-led capital punishment reform. - [India-US trade deal comes under the shadow of Ukraine war](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/india-us-trade-deal-2/): The promise of deeper economic cooperation is undermined by punitive measures that could torpedo the India-US trade deal even before it is signed. - [Alternative fuel cars set to dominate Indian market](https://www.policycircle.org/industry/alternative-fuel-cars-pv-sales/): Alternative fuel cars overtook petrol vehicles in August sales, and the transition is becoming multi-fuel rather than purely electric. - [Rupee depreciation tests India’s record forex reserves](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/rupee-depreciation-forex-reserves/): Rupee depreciation has returned as Brent crosses $100, testing how far RBI’s record forex reserves can shield India from an oil shock. #rupee #Crude - [India’s carbon market needs a firewall](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/indias-carbon-market-firewall/): India should keep compliance and offset carbon markets separate to protect industrial investment and credible land-sector finance. - [India’s space economy needs capital, not privatisation](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-space-economy-privatisation/): India’s space economy needs patient capital and public procurement while preventing excessive corporate concentration. #ISRO #space - [Competitive federalism enters its industrial phase](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/competitive-federalism-industry-phase/): Competitive federalism can cut operating costs and build industrial clusters instead of relying on subsidies to attract investment. - [Himalayan floods, climate crisis and the need for disaster diplomacy](https://www.policycircle.org/opinion/himalayan-floods-threat/): Devastating Himalayan floods in Nepal highlight the growing risks from melting glaciers and climate change, highlighting the need to strengthen early-warning systems. - [India’s trade deficit exposes its export weakness](https://www.policycircle.org/economy/indias-trade-deficit-exports/): The CAD remains manageable, but an $86.1 billion as India's trade deficit exposes the weakness of merchandise export base. #CAD #tradedeficit ## Pages - [Two Day Certificate Course on Introduction to Global Health Diplomacy](https://www.policycircle.org/two-day-certificate-course-on-introduction-to-global-health-diplomacy/): Recognising this shift, Policy Circle and Sustainable Policy Solutions Foundation are jointly offering a two-day, in-person certificate course titled “Introduction to Global Health Diplomacy”. The course will be conducted by Dr Joe Thomas, Director -- Learning, Australian Institute of Community and Health Management, Melbourne. Other speakers include Jinkou Zhao, Senior Specialist, Impact and Evaluation, The Global Fund; Dr Monir Islam, former Director, WHO; Dr Swarup Sarkar, former Director, WHO and Dr K Madan Gopal, former Senior Advisor, NITI Aayog. Scheduled for August 7–8 at the India International Centre, New Delhi, the course seeks to equip the next generation of public health professionals, government officials, researchers, and international agency staff with the tools to understand—and influence—global health policy in an age of multipolar geopolitics. - [Publish with Policy Circle BrandVoice](https://www.policycircle.org/publish-with-policy-circle-brandvoice/): BrandVoice is Policy Circle’s platform for partner-led perspectives at the intersection of economy, policy, and governance. 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